{"id":2610,"date":"2020-02-16T17:35:27","date_gmt":"2020-02-16T17:35:27","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.agust.net\/wordpress\/?p=2610"},"modified":"2022-03-25T09:57:09","modified_gmt":"2022-03-25T09:57:09","slug":"hin-sibreytilegu-sikviku-olgukenndu-og-kaotisku-kerfi-hafs-og-lofts","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"http:\/\/www.agust.net\/wordpress\/2020\/02\/16\/hin-sibreytilegu-sikviku-olgukenndu-og-kaotisku-kerfi-hafs-og-lofts\/","title":{"rendered":"Hin s\u00edbreytilegu,\u00a0 s\u00edkviku,\u00a0 \u00f3lgukenndu og ka\u00f3t\u00edsku kerfi hafs og lofts…"},"content":{"rendered":"
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Hin s\u00edbreytilegu,\u00a0 s\u00edkviku,\u00a0 \u00f3lgukenndu og ka\u00f3t\u00edsku kerfi hafs og lofts.<\/p><\/div>\n

Hugsum okkur a\u00f0 \u00e1 pl\u00e1netunni j\u00f6r\u00f0 v\u00e6ri engin lifandi mannvera, jafnvel ekki l\u00edfvera. Hva\u00f0 \u00fe\u00e1? V\u00e6ru \u00fe\u00e1 engar ve\u00f0ur- e\u00f0a loftslagbreytingar?\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

Loftslagskerfin samanstanda af \u00f3lgukenndu (turbulent) hafinu sem er \u00ed snertingu vi\u00f0 \u00f3lgukenndan lofthj\u00fapinn. \u00deessi kerfi eru \u00e1 reikistj\u00f6rnu sem sn\u00fdst \u00ed s\u00edfellu og er b\u00f6\u00f0u\u00f0 \u00ed s\u00f3larlj\u00f3si sem sk\u00edn \u00f3jafnt \u00e1 yfirbor\u00f0 jar\u00f0ar, mest n\u00e6rri mi\u00f0baug en minnst n\u00e6ri p\u00f3lunum. M\u00f6ndulhalli reikistj\u00f6rnunnar veldur \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 vetur og sumur skiptast \u00e1. Tungli\u00f0 veldur s\u00edfelldum sj\u00e1varf\u00f6llum. S\u00edfelldur flutningur \u00e1 varma og raka \u00e1 s\u00e9r sta\u00f0 milli \u00feessara s\u00edkviku ka\u00f3t\u00edsku kerfa. Drifkrafturinn er inngeislun s\u00f3lar<\/span>.<\/p>\n

\u00cd hafinu eru straumar og sveiflur sem n\u00e1 yfir t\u00edmabil sem m\u00e6last fr\u00e1 d\u00f6gum til \u00e1r\u00fe\u00fasunda. Hafi\u00f0 hefur \u00e1hrif \u00e1 lofthj\u00fapinn og \u00f6fugt. Yfirbor\u00f0 jar\u00f0ar er mj\u00f6g \u00f3reglulegt og m\u00f3tar \u00fea\u00f0 vindakerfin \u00e1samt Coriolis \u00e1hrifunum. Sama m\u00e1 segja um hafsbotninn sem m\u00f3tar hafstrauma, svo og landmassann sem afmarkar h\u00f6fin. Sn\u00faningur jar\u00f0ar og Coriolis krafturinn valda \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 hafstraumar streyma r\u00e9tts\u00e6lis \u00e1 nor\u00f0urhveli og rangs\u00e6lis \u00e1 su\u00f0urhveli. Rakinn \u00ed lofthj\u00fapnum hefur gr\u00ed\u00f0arlega mikil \u00e1hrif, og er a\u00f0al \u00e1hrifavaldurinn s\u00e9 liti\u00f0 til hl\u00fdnunar af v\u00f6ldum n\u00e1tt\u00farulegra gr\u00f3\u00f0urh\u00fasa\u00e1hrifa. Jafnvel inngeislun s\u00f3lar er sveiflukennd.<\/span><\/p>\n

Stundum leggjast \u00e1hrif \u00feessara tilviljunarkenndu kerfa saman; heildar\u00e1hrif \u00feeirra geta or\u00f0i\u00f0 tilt\u00f6lulega mikil um t\u00edma, en \u00e1 \u00f6\u00f0rum t\u00edmum vinna \u00feau \u00e1 m\u00f3ti hverju \u00f6\u00f0ru og ver\u00f0a \u00fe\u00e1 \u00e1hrifin l\u00edtil. A\u00f0eins \u00fearf \u00f6rlitla breytingu \u00ed me\u00f0al sk\u00fdjafari, f\u00e1ein pr\u00f3sentstig, til a\u00f0 valda verulegum, jafnvel langvarandi, breytingum \u00ed hitafari jar\u00f0ar.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00deetta ka\u00f3t\u00edska kerfi \u00e1 yfirbor\u00f0i jar\u00f0ar gerir \u00fea\u00f0 a\u00f0 verkum a\u00f0 hitafari\u00f0 getur or\u00f0i\u00f0 \u00f3lgukennt, \u00e1n \u00feess a\u00f0 ytra \u00e1reiti, svo sem breytileg s\u00f3lgeislun e\u00f0a breytilegur styrkur koltv\u00eds\u00fdrings \u00feurfi a\u00f0 koma til.<\/span><\/p>\n

Svona heg\u00f0un sj\u00e1var, lofts og sk\u00fdja hefur alltaf veri\u00f0 fr\u00e1 \u00f6r\u00f3fi alda.\u00a0 \u00deessi ka\u00f3t\u00edska heg\u00f0un er n\u00e6gileg til a\u00f0 \u00fatsk\u00fdra hitasveiflurnar undanfarna \u00e1ratugi, aldir og \u00fe\u00fasaldir.\u00a0 Ekki \u00fearf a\u00f0sto\u00f0 fr\u00e1 breytilegum styrk koltv\u00eds\u00fdrings e\u00f0a breytilegri s\u00f3lvirkni, en \u00feau \u00e1hrif geta lagt sitt l\u00f3\u00f0 \u00e1 vogarsk\u00e1larnar.<\/span><\/p>\n

Vi\u00f0 getum sem d\u00e6mi um nokkrar langt\u00edma sveiflur \u00ed hafinu nefnt El-Ni\u00f1o \/ La-Ni\u00f1a fyrirb\u00e6ri\u00f0 \u00ed Kyrrahafinu (ENSO), \u00a030 \u00e1ra sveifluna \u00ed Kyrrahafinu (Pacific Decadal Oscillation PDO) og 70 \u00e1ra sveiflur \u00ed Atlantshafinu (Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation AMO). \u00deekktar sveiflur \u00ed hafinu eru mun fleiri.<\/p>\n

\u00deessar innri sveiflur eru n\u00e6gjanlegar til a\u00f0 valda einar s\u00e9r \u00e1ratugal\u00f6ngum sveiflum \u00ed hitafari, en til vi\u00f0b\u00f3tar er svo ytra \u00e1reiti fr\u00e1 breytilegri heildarinngeislun s\u00f3lar, mj\u00f6g breytilegum styrk \u00ed \u00fatfj\u00f3lubl\u00e1a \u00fe\u00e6tti s\u00f3lgeislunar og breytilegum styrk s\u00f3lvindsins. \u00d6flug eldgos valda stundum skammvinnri k\u00f3lnun. Allar \u00feessar breytingar geta or\u00f0i\u00f0, og hafa veri\u00f0 \u00ed aldanna r\u00e1s, \u00e1n a\u00f0komu manna.<\/p>\n

N\u00e1tt\u00farulegar breytingar og sveiflur n\u00e6gja til a\u00f0 sk\u00fdra allar \u00fe\u00e6r breytingar \u00e1 loftslagi og ve\u00f0urfari undanfarna \u00e1ratugi, \u00e1rhundru\u00f0 og \u00e1r\u00fe\u00fasund.<\/strong><\/p>\n

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Dr\u00f6g a\u00f0 sm\u00e1 hugarflugi:<\/span><\/p>\n

H\u00e9r a\u00f0 ofan fj\u00f6llu\u00f0um vi\u00f0 um m\u00f3\u00f0ur j\u00f6r\u00f0 eins og h\u00fan er, en hvernig v\u00e6ri h\u00fan ef h\u00fan sn\u00e9ri alltaf s\u00f6mu hli\u00f0 a\u00f0 s\u00f3linni eins og m\u00e1ninn gerir gagnvart j\u00f6r\u00f0inni, m\u00f6ndulhalli v\u00e6ri enginn \u00ed sta\u00f0 \u00feess a\u00f0 vera 23\u00b0 eins og hj\u00e1 okkur, en anna\u00f0 a\u00f0 mestu \u00f3breytt?\u00a0 Jafnvel tungli\u00f0 v\u00e6ri \u00e1 s\u00ednu hrings\u00f3li. Engir Coriolis kraftar til a\u00f0 m\u00f3ta hafstrauma og vinda.<\/span><\/p>\n

“Imagination is more important than knowledge. Knowledge is limited. Imagination encircles the world.”<\/em>\u00a0 er haft eftir Albert Einstein (1879-1955). Vi\u00f0 getum nota\u00f0 a\u00f0fer\u00f0 hans til a\u00f0 sko\u00f0a \u00feessa undarlegu j\u00f6r\u00f0:<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00c1 \u00feeirri hli\u00f0 sem sn\u00e9ri a\u00f0 s\u00f3linni v\u00e6ri eil\u00edfur dagur og v\u00ed\u00f0a sv\u00e6kjusumar, en \u00e1 \u00feeirri hli\u00f0 sem sn\u00e9ri fr\u00e1 s\u00f3linni v\u00e6ri eil\u00edf n\u00f3tt og v\u00ed\u00f0ast fimbulkuldi og n\u00e1nast kolni\u00f0amyrkur ef undan er skili\u00f0 stj\u00f6rnuskin og birta fr\u00e1 tunglinu.<\/span><\/p>\n

Ef vi\u00f0 v\u00e6rum st\u00f6dd \u00e1 mi\u00f0baug, \u00fe\u00e1 v\u00e6ri \u00fear einn sta\u00f0ur \u00fear sem s\u00f3lin v\u00e6ri alltaf beint fyrir ofan okkur. Ef vi\u00f0 f\u00e6rum s\u00ed\u00f0an \u00ed lei\u00f0angur, austur e\u00f0a vestur, k\u00e6mi a\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 vi\u00f0 s\u00e6jum s\u00f3lina setjast vi\u00f0 sj\u00f3ndeildarhringinn. Vi\u00f0 st\u00f6ldrum vi\u00f0 til a\u00f0 a\u00f0 nj\u00f3ta s\u00f3lsetursins. en hvort er \u00feetta s\u00f3lsetur e\u00f0a s\u00f3laruppkoma? Vi\u00f0 b\u00ed\u00f0um drykklanga stund, en uppg\u00f6tvum \u00fe\u00e1 a\u00f0 s\u00f3lin er f\u00f6st \u00e1 himinhvelfingunni, \u00fea\u00f0 er eil\u00edfur morgunn e\u00f0a eil\u00edft kv\u00f6ld.\u00a0 Kannski er hrollkalt \u00e1 \u00feessum sl\u00f3\u00f0um?\u00a0 Vi\u00f0 f\u00f6rum \u00ed peysuna.<\/span><\/p>\n

Vi\u00f0 getum n\u00fa pr\u00f3fa\u00f0 a\u00f0 f\u00e6ra okkur nor\u00f0ar e\u00f0a sunnar og ver\u00f0um v\u00f6r vi\u00f0 a\u00f0 s\u00f3lin er ekki lengur yfir hvirfli okkar, heldur f\u00f6st \u00e1 himninum og l\u00e6gra \u00e1 lofti en vi\u00f0 mi\u00f0baug, og austar e\u00f0a vestar eftir \u00fev\u00ed hvert vi\u00f0 reikum. Vi\u00f0 \u00feurfum ekki a\u00f0 fara eins langt og \u00feegar vi\u00f0 vorum st\u00f6dd \u00e1 mi\u00f0baug til a\u00f0 nj\u00f3ta eil\u00edfrar kv\u00f6ld- e\u00f0a morgunbirtu.<\/span><\/p>\n

N\u00fa er ekki fl\u00f3ki\u00f0 a\u00f0 f\u00e6ra sig til \u00ed huganum a\u00f0 p\u00f3lsv\u00e6\u00f0unum. Hvar \u00e1 himninum er s\u00f3lin? Hvernig er loftslagi\u00f0?<\/span><\/p>\n

Eftir \u00feetta fer\u00f0alag \u00ed huganum getum vi\u00f0 leitt hugann a\u00f0 loftslaginu \u00e1 \u00feessari unndarlegu j\u00f6r\u00f0. Skyldi alltaf vera logn \u00fear?\u00a0 \u00a0Nei, en kannski frekar nokku\u00f0 st\u00f6\u00f0ugur vindur v\u00ed\u00f0ast hvar.<\/span><\/p>\n

J\u00e6ja, n\u00f3g \u00ed bili, en lesandanum l\u00e1ti\u00f0 eftir a\u00f0 r\u00f6lta \u00ed huganum um \u00feessa undarlegu j\u00f6r\u00f0 og rannsaka m\u00e1li\u00f0 betur…<\/span><\/p>\n

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Albert Einstein skrifa\u00f0i \u00ed b\u00f3kinni \u201cCosmic Religion and Other Opinions and Aphorisms\u201d<\/strong> sem kom \u00fat 1931:<\/span><\/p>\n

At times I feel certain I am right while not knowing the reason. When the eclipse of 1919 confirmed my intuition, I was not in the least surprised. In fact, I would have been astonished had it turned out otherwise.\u00a0Imagination is more important than knowledge.\u00a0For knowledge is limited, whereas imagination embraces the entire world, stimulating progress, giving birth to evolution. It is, strictly speaking, a real factor in scientific research.<\/span><\/em><\/p><\/blockquote>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Hugsum okkur a\u00f0 \u00e1 pl\u00e1netunni j\u00f6r\u00f0 v\u00e6ri engin lifandi mannvera, jafnvel ekki l\u00edfvera. Hva\u00f0 \u00fe\u00e1? V\u00e6ru \u00fe\u00e1 engar ve\u00f0ur- e\u00f0a loftslagbreytingar?\u00a0 Loftslagskerfin samanstanda af \u00f3lgukenndu (turbulent) hafinu sem er \u00ed snertingu vi\u00f0 \u00f3lgukenndan lofthj\u00fapinn. \u00deessi kerfi eru \u00e1 reikistj\u00f6rnu sem sn\u00fdst \u00ed s\u00edfellu og er b\u00f6\u00f0u\u00f0 \u00ed s\u00f3larlj\u00f3si sem sk\u00edn \u00f3jafnt \u00e1 yfirbor\u00f0 jar\u00f0ar, mest…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":2457,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[8,16],"tags":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"http:\/\/www.agust.net\/wordpress\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2610"}],"collection":[{"href":"http:\/\/www.agust.net\/wordpress\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"http:\/\/www.agust.net\/wordpress\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/www.agust.net\/wordpress\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/www.agust.net\/wordpress\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2610"}],"version-history":[{"count":16,"href":"http:\/\/www.agust.net\/wordpress\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2610\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":3618,"href":"http:\/\/www.agust.net\/wordpress\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2610\/revisions\/3618"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/www.agust.net\/wordpress\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/2457"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"http:\/\/www.agust.net\/wordpress\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2610"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/www.agust.net\/wordpress\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=2610"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/www.agust.net\/wordpress\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=2610"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}