{"id":3557,"date":"2022-02-20T16:11:33","date_gmt":"2022-02-20T16:11:33","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.agust.net\/wordpress\/?p=3557"},"modified":"2023-02-16T22:24:04","modified_gmt":"2023-02-16T22:24:04","slug":"1947-kjarnorka-a-komandi-timum","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"http:\/\/www.agust.net\/wordpress\/2022\/02\/20\/1947-kjarnorka-a-komandi-timum\/","title":{"rendered":"Kjarnorka \u00e1 komandi t\u00edmum…"},"content":{"rendered":"
(Upphaflega \u00e1 Moggabloggi 7. september 2008.\u00a0 Uppf\u00e6rt h\u00e9r 20. febr\u00faar 2022)<\/span>.
\n.<\/span><\/h6>\n

 <\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\"\"

B\u00f3kin “Kjarnorka \u00e1 komandi t\u00edmum” sem kom \u00fat \u00e1ri\u00f0 1947<\/p><\/div>\n

Fyrir\u00a0 75 \u00e1rum, e\u00f0a \u00e1ri\u00f0 1947<\/strong>,\u00a0 kom \u00fat b\u00f3k \u00e1 \u00edslensku sem nefnist\u00a0Kjarnorka \u00e1 komandi t\u00edmum<\/em>.<\/strong>\u00a0B\u00f3kin er 216 bla\u00f0s\u00ed\u00f0ur a\u00f0 lengd og merkilega yfirgripsmikil. H\u00f6fundur b\u00f3karinnar er\u00a0David Dietz<\/a>, sem hlaut Pulitzer ver\u00f0launin \u00e1ri\u00f0 1937, en \u00fe\u00fd\u00f0andi\u00a0\u00c1g\u00fast H. Bjarnason<\/a>\u00a0(1875-1952) sem var pr\u00f3fessor vi\u00f0 heimspekideild H\u00e1sk\u00f3la \u00cdslands og\u00a0tvisvar\u00a0rektor. (M\u00e1lverki\u00f0 er eftir \u00c1sgeir Bjarn\u00fe\u00f3rsson og er gert \u00e1ri\u00f0 1944).<\/p>\n

75 \u00e1r er \u00f3neitanlega langur t\u00edmi. Hva\u00f0 skyldu menn hafa veri\u00f0 a\u00f0 hugsa \u00e1 \u00e1rd\u00f6gum kjarne\u00f0lisfr\u00e6\u00f0innar? Hva\u00f0 hefur breyst \u00e1 \u00feessum t\u00edma? Hvernig hefur m\u00f6nnum tekist a\u00f0 hagn\u00fdta kjarnorkuna?<\/p>\n

\u00cd inngangsor\u00f0um \u00fe\u00fd\u00f0anda segir m.a:
\n“En \u00fe\u00f3 h\u00f6fundi s\u00e9 einkar lagi\u00f0 a\u00f0 rita lj\u00f3st og sk\u00fdrt og svo, a\u00f0 flestum me\u00f0algreindum m\u00f6nnum ver\u00f0i skiljanlegt, var efni b\u00f3karinnar svo n\u00fdtt og af alfaralei\u00f0, \u00fear sem um n\u00fdjustu e\u00f0lis- og efnafr\u00e6\u00f0iranns\u00f3knir er a\u00f0 r\u00e6\u00f0a, a\u00f0 \u00fea\u00f0 var a\u00f0eins me\u00f0 h\u00e1lfum hug a\u00f0 \u00e9g r\u00e9\u00f0st \u00ed a\u00f0 \u00fe\u00fd\u00f0a hana…”<\/span><\/p>\n

og s\u00ed\u00f0ar:\u00a0“En \u00fev\u00ed r\u00e9\u00f0st \u00e9g \u00ed a\u00f0 \u00fe\u00fd\u00f0a \u00feessa b\u00f3k, a\u00f0 \u00e9g \u00feykist sannf\u00e6r\u00f0ur um a\u00f0 kjarnorkuranns\u00f3knir \u00feessar r\u00e1\u00f0i ekki einungis aldahv\u00f6rfum \u00ed allri heimssko\u00f0un manna, heldur og \u00ed l\u00edfi \u00feeirra \u00e1 \u00feessari j\u00f6r\u00f0, og vir\u00f0ist n\u00fa allt undir \u00fev\u00ed komi\u00f0, hvernig m\u00f6nnum tekst a\u00f0 hagn\u00fdta kjarnorkuna, til g\u00f3\u00f0s e\u00f0a ills, \u00e1 komandi t\u00edmum; \u00fev\u00ed me\u00f0 valdi s\u00ednu \u00e1 henni m\u00e1 segja, a\u00f0 mennirnir s\u00e9u or\u00f0nir sinnar eigin g\u00e6fu e\u00f0a \u00f3g\u00e6fu smi\u00f0ir”.<\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

B\u00f3kin skiptist \u00ed 15 kafla og hefst fr\u00e1s\u00f6gnin \u00e1ri\u00f0 400 fyrir Krist \u00feegar gr\u00edski heimspekingurinn\u00a0Demokr\u00edtos<\/a><\/em>\u00a0h\u00e9lt \u00fev\u00ed fram a\u00f0 heimurinn v\u00e6ri ekki anna\u00f0 en t\u00f3mt r\u00fami\u00f0 og \u00f3t\u00f6lulegur fj\u00f6ldi \u00f3s\u00fdnilegra frumeinda. Fleiri heimspekingar koma vi\u00f0 s\u00f6gu, svo sem\u00a0Arist\u00f3teles<\/a>,\u00a0Ep\u00edk\u00faros<\/a><\/em>\u00a0og\u00a0L\u00fakretiu<\/a>s (orti fr\u00e6\u00f0ilj\u00f3\u00f0i\u00f0\u00a0De Rerum Natura).\u00a0<\/a>\u00a0\u00deessi forna frumeindakenning Grikkja var ekki endurvakin fyrr en\u00a0John Dalton<\/a><\/em>\u00a0gaf \u00fat b\u00f3kina “N\u00fdtt kerfi heimspekilegrar efnafr\u00e6\u00f0i” \u00e1ri\u00f0 1808.<\/p>\n

\"\"

\u00c1g\u00fast H Bjarnason pr\u00f3fessor<\/p><\/div>\n

\u00cd b\u00f3kinni fl\u00e9ttast saman fr\u00e1s\u00f6gn af merkilegum kafla \u00ed s\u00f6gu e\u00f0lisfr\u00e6\u00f0innar, og reyndar s\u00f6gu mannkyns, og all\u00edtarleg kynning \u00e1 kjarnv\u00edsindunum.\u00a0 \u00cd b\u00f3kinni eru m\u00f6rg kunnugleg n\u00f6fn. Sem d\u00e6mi m\u00e1 nefna v\u00edsindamennina (margir \u00feeirra N\u00f3belsver\u00f0launahafar) Avogrado<\/a>,\u00a0Bernoulli<\/a>,\u00a0Joule<\/a>,\u00a0Mendeleev<\/a>,\u00a0Arrhenius<\/a>,\u00a0R\u00f6ntgen<\/a>,\u00a0Becqurel<\/a>,\u00a0Curie<\/a>,\u00a0Rutherford<\/a>,\u00a0Bohr<\/a>,\u00a0Maxwell<\/a>,\u00a0Faraday<\/a>,\u00a0Hertz<\/a>,\u00a0Planck<\/a>,\u00a0Einstein<\/a>,\u00a0Compton<\/a>,\u00a0Wilson<\/a>,\u00a0Schr\u00f6dinger<\/a>,\u00a0Heisenberg<\/a>,\u00a0Max Born<\/a>,\u00a0Geiger<\/a>,\u00a0Van de Graff<\/a>, \u00a0de Broglie<\/a>,\u00a0Oppenheimer<\/a>,\u00a0Fermi<\/a>,\u00a0Hahn<\/a>,\u00a0Lise Meitner<\/a>,\u00a0Szilard<\/a>,\u00a0<\/em>….<\/p>\n

Fj\u00f6lmargir a\u00f0rir koma vi\u00f0 s\u00f6gu \u00ed b\u00f3kinni. Fjalla\u00f0 er um uppbyggingu frumeindanna og hvernig vinna m\u00e1 orku me\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 sundra \u00faran\u00edum 235, e\u00f0a jafnvel me\u00f0 samruna vetnis \u00ed hel\u00edum eins og gerist \u00ed s\u00f3linni. \u00cd eftirm\u00e1la f\u00e6r Albert Einstein or\u00f0i\u00f0 \u00e1 nokkrum bla\u00f0s\u00ed\u00f0um \u00ed kafla sem ber yfirskriftina\u00a0“A\u00f0alvandam\u00e1li\u00f0 b\u00fdr \u00ed hj\u00f6rtum mannanna”.<\/em><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Miki\u00f0 vatn hefur runni\u00f0 til sj\u00e1var s\u00ed\u00f0an \u00feessi b\u00f3k kom \u00fat fyrir hartn\u00e6r mannsaldri. \u00dea\u00f0 er merkilegt a\u00f0 sj\u00e1 hve b\u00f3kin er samt n\u00fat\u00edmaleg og hve snemma menn s\u00e1u fyrir s\u00e9r kosti og galla vi\u00f0 beislun kjarnorkunnar, b\u00e6\u00f0i til g\u00f3\u00f0s og ills, og s\u00e1u fyrir \u00fdmis vandam\u00e1l sem hafa r\u00e6st meira og minna. \u00dea\u00f0 er gaman a\u00f0 lesa hve mikil bjarts\u00fdni r\u00edkir \u00fer\u00e1tt fyrir \u00fe\u00e6r \u00f3gnir sem menn s\u00e1u fyrir og \u00feekktu vel af eigin raun, \u00fev\u00ed \u00f6rstutt var s\u00ed\u00f0an kjarnorkusprengjum var varpa\u00f0 \u00e1 Hiroshima og Nagasagi.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

H\u00e9r fyrir ne\u00f0an eru nokkrar myndir \u00far b\u00f3kinni, en b\u00f3kina pr\u00fd\u00f0a allmargar lj\u00f3smyndir og sautj\u00e1n teikningar.<\/strong><\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\"\" \"\"<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Samrunaorka<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00cd kafla\u00a0“XIV – N\u00fdtt framt\u00ed\u00f0arvi\u00f0horf….179”<\/strong> er fjalla\u00f0 um samrunaorku, a\u00f0 breyta vetni \u00ed hel\u00edum, og vandam\u00e1l sem menn eru enn \u00feann dag \u00ed dag a\u00f0 gl\u00edma vi\u00f0.\u00a0 H\u00e9r fyrir ne\u00f0an eru nokkrar \u00farklippur \u00far \u00feessum kafla b\u00f3karinnar sem kom \u00fat \u00e1ri\u00f0 1947.<\/p>\n

\u00dear stendur me\u00f0al annars: “Fyrir meira en 20 \u00e1rum \u00feykjast v\u00edsindamenn hafa komist a\u00f0, a\u00f0 einhver hagkv\u00e6masta uppspretta kjarnorkunnar s\u00e9 s\u00fa, a\u00f0 breyta vetni \u00ed hel\u00edum…”.\u00a0<\/span> N\u00fa er veri\u00f0 g\u00e6la vi\u00f0 \u00fe\u00e1 hugmynd a\u00f0 kannski geti \u00feetta or\u00f0i\u00f0 a\u00f0 veruleika um 2050. \u00d6ld eftir a\u00f0 b\u00f3kin kom \u00fat. –\u00a0 Kannski…<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u00cd dag, r\u00famum 75 \u00e1rum eftir a\u00f0 b\u00f3kin kom \u00fat, eru starfr\u00e6kt 435 kjarnorkuver<\/a>\u00a0\u00ed 30 l\u00f6ndum, en\u00a0fyrsta<\/a>\u00a0kjarnorkuveri\u00f0 sem framleiddi raforku fyrir dreifikerfi\u00f0 var reist \u00e1ri\u00f0 1954. Framlei\u00f0slugeta \u00feeirra er 370.000 megaw\u00f6tt, og framlei\u00f0a \u00feau um 16% af raforku sem notu\u00f0 er \u00ed heiminum. K\u00e1rahnj\u00fakavirkjun er 700 megaw\u00f6tt og jafngildir \u00feetta \u00fev\u00ed um 530 sl\u00edkum virkjunum.<\/p>\n

Kjarnorkuver eru keiml\u00edk jar\u00f0gufuvirkjunum, en varminn fr\u00e1 kjarnaofninum er nota\u00f0ur til a\u00f0 framlei\u00f0a gufu sem sn\u00fdr gufuhverflum. \u00cd jar\u00f0gufuvirkjunum myndast gufan \u00ed i\u00f0rum jar\u00f0ar. Hva\u00f0 er \u00fea\u00f0 sem myndar varmann \u00fear? A\u00f0 miklu leyti er \u00fea\u00f0 kjarnorka!<\/a><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

(Upphaflega \u00e1 Moggabloggi 7. september 2008.\u00a0 Uppf\u00e6rt h\u00e9r 20. febr\u00faar 2022). .     Fyrir\u00a0 75 \u00e1rum, e\u00f0a \u00e1ri\u00f0 1947,\u00a0 kom \u00fat b\u00f3k \u00e1 \u00edslensku sem nefnist\u00a0Kjarnorka \u00e1 komandi t\u00edmum.\u00a0B\u00f3kin er 216 bla\u00f0s\u00ed\u00f0ur a\u00f0 lengd og merkilega yfirgripsmikil. H\u00f6fundur b\u00f3karinnar er\u00a0David Dietz, sem hlaut Pulitzer ver\u00f0launin \u00e1ri\u00f0 1937, en \u00fe\u00fd\u00f0andi\u00a0\u00c1g\u00fast H. Bjarnason\u00a0(1875-1952) sem var pr\u00f3fessor…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":3592,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[13,1],"tags":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"http:\/\/www.agust.net\/wordpress\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3557"}],"collection":[{"href":"http:\/\/www.agust.net\/wordpress\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"http:\/\/www.agust.net\/wordpress\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/www.agust.net\/wordpress\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/www.agust.net\/wordpress\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=3557"}],"version-history":[{"count":21,"href":"http:\/\/www.agust.net\/wordpress\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3557\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":3885,"href":"http:\/\/www.agust.net\/wordpress\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3557\/revisions\/3885"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/www.agust.net\/wordpress\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/3592"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"http:\/\/www.agust.net\/wordpress\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=3557"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/www.agust.net\/wordpress\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=3557"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/www.agust.net\/wordpress\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=3557"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}